• Title: Proof of Lebesgue’s Dominated Convergence Theorem

  • Series: Measure Theory

  • YouTube-Title: Measure Theory 11 | Proof of Lebesgue’s Dominated Convergence Theorem

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    1 00:00:00,829 –> 00:00:02,490 Hello and welcome

    2 00:00:02,500 –> 00:00:03,119 back.

    3 00:00:03,130 –> 00:00:05,050 And as always, I thank

    4 00:00:05,059 –> 00:00:06,690 all the nice people that

    5 00:00:06,699 –> 00:00:08,310 support this channel on

    6 00:00:08,319 –> 00:00:10,170 Steady today,

    7 00:00:10,180 –> 00:00:11,649 we consider part

    8 00:00:11,659 –> 00:00:13,390 11 in our measure

    9 00:00:13,399 –> 00:00:14,649 theory series.

    10 00:00:15,489 –> 00:00:17,149 And as promised, it will

    11 00:00:17,159 –> 00:00:18,889 be about the proof

    12 00:00:18,940 –> 00:00:20,750 of Lebesgue’s dominated

    13 00:00:20,760 –> 00:00:22,110 convergence theorem.

    14 00:00:23,159 –> 00:00:24,940 I already told you this is

    15 00:00:24,950 –> 00:00:26,899 one of my favourite theorems.

    16 00:00:26,909 –> 00:00:28,299 And you will see that the

    17 00:00:28,309 –> 00:00:29,860 proof is indeed not so

    18 00:00:29,870 –> 00:00:30,459 hard.

    19 00:00:31,069 –> 00:00:31,329 OK.

    20 00:00:31,340 –> 00:00:32,709 Then let’s recall the

    21 00:00:32,720 –> 00:00:34,580 theorem from the last part

    22 00:00:34,590 –> 00:00:35,580 of the series.

    23 00:00:36,919 –> 00:00:38,279 Here you see all the

    24 00:00:38,290 –> 00:00:39,919 assumptions we need for

    25 00:00:39,979 –> 00:00:41,470 Lebesgue’s dominated convergence

    26 00:00:41,479 –> 00:00:42,029 theorem.

    27 00:00:42,509 –> 00:00:43,959 On the one hand, we have

    28 00:00:43,970 –> 00:00:45,849 a sequence of measurable

    29 00:00:45,860 –> 00:00:47,619 maps and

    30 00:00:47,630 –> 00:00:49,150 also the pointwise limit

    31 00:00:49,159 –> 00:00:50,639 function which we will call

    32 00:00:50,650 –> 00:00:51,729 just F.

    33 00:00:52,529 –> 00:00:53,950 And on the other hand, we

    34 00:00:53,959 –> 00:00:55,909 have another function G

    35 00:00:55,919 –> 00:00:57,669 which is integrable.

    36 00:00:58,689 –> 00:01:00,430 And this function G is

    37 00:01:00,439 –> 00:01:01,909 indeed the

    38 00:01:01,919 –> 00:01:03,619 important ingredient in the

    39 00:01:03,630 –> 00:01:04,510 whole theorem.

    40 00:01:05,290 –> 00:01:06,309 It should lie

    41 00:01:06,319 –> 00:01:07,900 above all the

    42 00:01:07,910 –> 00:01:09,029 functions FN.

    43 00:01:09,190 –> 00:01:10,589 And therefore we call it

    44 00:01:10,680 –> 00:01:12,430 an integrable majorant.

    45 00:01:13,300 –> 00:01:14,500 From these nice

    46 00:01:14,510 –> 00:01:15,339 assumptions.

    47 00:01:15,470 –> 00:01:17,160 We now can conclude

    48 00:01:17,430 –> 00:01:19,080 that all the functions in

    49 00:01:19,089 –> 00:01:20,800 the sequence are also

    50 00:01:20,940 –> 00:01:21,750 integrable.

    51 00:01:22,620 –> 00:01:24,580 And moreover, also the

    52 00:01:24,589 –> 00:01:26,419 mu almost everywhere point-

    53 00:01:26,430 –> 00:01:28,290 wise limit function F is

    54 00:01:28,300 –> 00:01:29,510 also integrable.

    55 00:01:30,449 –> 00:01:31,760 From this, we can conclude

    56 00:01:31,769 –> 00:01:33,279 that all these integrals

    57 00:01:33,290 –> 00:01:34,360 here make sense.

    58 00:01:35,129 –> 00:01:37,069 And the equality tells us

    59 00:01:37,080 –> 00:01:38,660 that we can pull in the

    60 00:01:38,669 –> 00:01:40,389 limit into the integral.

    61 00:01:41,190 –> 00:01:42,459 And that’s the reason we

    62 00:01:42,470 –> 00:01:44,449 call it a convergence theorem.

    63 00:01:45,680 –> 00:01:47,489 Well, then let’s start

    64 00:01:47,500 –> 00:01:48,339 with the proof

    65 00:01:49,419 –> 00:01:51,019 the ingredients we need for

    66 00:01:51,029 –> 00:01:52,559 the proof are on the one

    67 00:01:52,569 –> 00:01:54,519 side properties of the integral.

    68 00:01:54,639 –> 00:01:56,519 And also on the other hand,

    69 00:01:56,750 –> 00:01:57,279 Fatou’s lemma

    70 00:01:58,660 –> 00:01:59,760 from the properties of the

    71 00:01:59,769 –> 00:02:01,550 interval, we can immediately

    72 00:02:01,559 –> 00:02:03,430 show the first property here.

    73 00:02:04,360 –> 00:02:06,190 Please recall that lying

    74 00:02:06,199 –> 00:02:08,020 in L1 means that the

    75 00:02:08,029 –> 00:02:09,820 absolute value of

    76 00:02:09,830 –> 00:02:11,559 FN has a finite

    77 00:02:11,570 –> 00:02:12,300 integral.

    78 00:02:13,220 –> 00:02:14,779 Please remember we have

    79 00:02:14,789 –> 00:02:16,660 measurable maps and this

    80 00:02:16,669 –> 00:02:18,369 is a non-negative function.

    81 00:02:18,380 –> 00:02:20,160 Therefore, the integral always

    82 00:02:20,169 –> 00:02:20,850 exists.

    83 00:02:20,860 –> 00:02:22,139 But in the worst case, it

    84 00:02:22,149 –> 00:02:23,399 could be infinity.

    85 00:02:24,320 –> 00:02:26,020 Therefore lying in L1

    86 00:02:26,029 –> 00:02:27,440 means this is not

    87 00:02:27,449 –> 00:02:28,220 infinity.

    88 00:02:28,229 –> 00:02:29,759 So smaller than

    89 00:02:29,770 –> 00:02:30,419 infinity.

    90 00:02:31,460 –> 00:02:31,759 OK.

    91 00:02:31,770 –> 00:02:33,550 Now we can use our assumption

    92 00:02:33,559 –> 00:02:35,240 we know that we have an integrable

    93 00:02:35,990 –> 00:02:36,820 majorant

    94 00:02:37,789 –> 00:02:38,779 called g.

    95 00:02:40,320 –> 00:02:41,789 So we have an inequality

    96 00:02:41,800 –> 00:02:42,309 here.

    97 00:02:42,320 –> 00:02:44,210 And you remember we have

    98 00:02:44,220 –> 00:02:46,050 a monotonicity property of

    99 00:02:46,059 –> 00:02:46,820 the integral.

    100 00:02:47,710 –> 00:02:49,550 This means we also have the

    101 00:02:49,559 –> 00:02:51,240 inequality in the

    102 00:02:51,250 –> 00:02:52,559 integral sense.

    103 00:02:52,570 –> 00:02:53,910 So let’s put that to the

    104 00:02:53,919 –> 00:02:54,440 left.

    105 00:02:55,419 –> 00:02:57,190 And then I know this is less

    106 00:02:57,199 –> 00:02:58,720 or equal than the

    107 00:02:58,729 –> 00:03:00,350 integral of G.

    108 00:03:02,419 –> 00:03:04,059 Now note that this right

    109 00:03:04,070 –> 00:03:05,520 hand side is indeed our

    110 00:03:05,529 –> 00:03:07,320 assumption that the integral

    111 00:03:07,330 –> 00:03:08,759 of G is indeed

    112 00:03:08,770 –> 00:03:09,600 finite.

    113 00:03:10,729 –> 00:03:12,690 Our conclusion is now this

    114 00:03:12,699 –> 00:03:14,199 integral is also

    115 00:03:14,210 –> 00:03:14,990 finite.

    116 00:03:15,869 –> 00:03:17,550 And this means all the

    117 00:03:17,559 –> 00:03:19,330 FN lie in

    118 00:03:19,339 –> 00:03:19,729 L one.

    119 00:03:21,119 –> 00:03:22,589 Obviously we can do the

    120 00:03:22,600 –> 00:03:24,389 same for F

    121 00:03:24,399 –> 00:03:25,850 instead of FN

    122 00:03:26,059 –> 00:03:27,380 because we know it’s a point

    123 00:03:27,389 –> 00:03:28,979 where it’s limited almost

    124 00:03:28,990 –> 00:03:29,740 everywhere.

    125 00:03:30,550 –> 00:03:32,440 Therefore, this inequality

    126 00:03:32,449 –> 00:03:33,850 holds almost

    127 00:03:33,860 –> 00:03:34,720 everywhere.

    128 00:03:36,059 –> 00:03:37,720 And of course, also almost

    129 00:03:37,729 –> 00:03:39,419 everywhere, the monotonicity

    130 00:03:39,429 –> 00:03:41,320 property still holds, which

    131 00:03:41,330 –> 00:03:42,889 means we get the same

    132 00:03:42,899 –> 00:03:44,779 inequality here for the integral

    133 00:03:44,789 –> 00:03:45,259 of F.

    134 00:03:46,229 –> 00:03:48,000 In other words, we also

    135 00:03:48,009 –> 00:03:49,669 have F in L

    136 00:03:49,679 –> 00:03:50,149 one.

    137 00:03:51,270 –> 00:03:51,619 OK.

    138 00:03:51,630 –> 00:03:52,410 Very good.

    139 00:03:52,419 –> 00:03:53,940 So what you have seen now

    140 00:03:53,949 –> 00:03:55,610 is that the first part in

    141 00:03:55,619 –> 00:03:57,449 the theorem was very easy to

    142 00:03:57,460 –> 00:03:57,919 show.

    143 00:03:58,880 –> 00:04:00,490 Hence, the crucial thing

    144 00:04:00,500 –> 00:04:01,699 in the theorem is

    145 00:04:01,710 –> 00:04:03,100 indeed this

    146 00:04:03,110 –> 00:04:04,699 convergence statement here.

    147 00:04:06,070 –> 00:04:06,490 OK.

    148 00:04:06,500 –> 00:04:07,929 So this is what we do in

    149 00:04:07,940 –> 00:04:09,449 the next five minutes.

    150 00:04:09,460 –> 00:04:10,779 And indeed, I want to show

    151 00:04:10,789 –> 00:04:12,690 something a little bit

    152 00:04:12,699 –> 00:04:14,050 more stronger.

    153 00:04:15,050 –> 00:04:16,250 We will show that the

    154 00:04:16,260 –> 00:04:17,928 integral of the absolute

    155 00:04:17,940 –> 00:04:19,230 value of

    156 00:04:19,238 –> 00:04:21,010 FN minus the

    157 00:04:21,019 –> 00:04:22,720 pointwise limit F

    158 00:04:22,730 –> 00:04:24,299 goes to zero

    159 00:04:24,320 –> 00:04:25,959 if N goes to

    160 00:04:25,970 –> 00:04:26,750 infinity.

    161 00:04:28,609 –> 00:04:30,350 And from this, we can immediately

    162 00:04:30,359 –> 00:04:32,149 conclude the property we

    163 00:04:32,160 –> 00:04:32,709 want here.

    164 00:04:34,049 –> 00:04:35,679 However, let us start

    165 00:04:35,690 –> 00:04:37,519 showing this property here.

    166 00:04:38,989 –> 00:04:39,350 OK.

    167 00:04:39,359 –> 00:04:40,760 In the integral, we have

    168 00:04:40,769 –> 00:04:42,290 the function FN

    169 00:04:42,299 –> 00:04:43,649 minus F.

    170 00:04:43,660 –> 00:04:45,309 But in the absolute

    171 00:04:45,320 –> 00:04:47,140 value now we

    172 00:04:47,149 –> 00:04:49,040 know that for the absolute

    173 00:04:49,049 –> 00:04:50,929 volume going a detour

    174 00:04:50,950 –> 00:04:52,779 makes it greater or in the

    175 00:04:52,790 –> 00:04:54,299 best case, it stays the same

    176 00:04:55,250 –> 00:04:56,709 now going the detour to

    177 00:04:56,720 –> 00:04:57,269 0.

    178 00:04:57,279 –> 00:04:58,640 This means we have the absolute

    179 00:04:58,649 –> 00:05:00,549 value of FN plus

    180 00:05:00,559 –> 00:05:01,989 the absolute value of

    181 00:05:02,000 –> 00:05:02,589 F.

    182 00:05:03,549 –> 00:05:04,980 This is just the

    183 00:05:04,989 –> 00:05:06,809 triangle inequality for the

    184 00:05:06,820 –> 00:05:07,829 absolute value.

    185 00:05:07,839 –> 00:05:09,279 When we read it point-

    186 00:05:09,290 –> 00:05:11,130 wisely, this means

    187 00:05:11,140 –> 00:05:12,829 we could put in x’s

    188 00:05:12,839 –> 00:05:14,350 here for the functions,

    189 00:05:15,190 –> 00:05:16,640 but it holds for all the

    190 00:05:16,649 –> 00:05:17,029 x’s.

    191 00:05:17,040 –> 00:05:18,489 Therefore, this is just the

    192 00:05:18,500 –> 00:05:19,880 short notation we use

    193 00:05:20,850 –> 00:05:22,220 also what we know is that

    194 00:05:22,230 –> 00:05:23,869 we have our majorant

    195 00:05:23,880 –> 00:05:25,660 G for FN.

    196 00:05:25,670 –> 00:05:27,609 And also for F, as I told

    197 00:05:27,619 –> 00:05:29,470 you, therefore,

    198 00:05:29,480 –> 00:05:31,339 we have this as less

    199 00:05:31,350 –> 00:05:33,019 or equal than

    200 00:05:33,049 –> 00:05:33,950 two G,

    201 00:05:34,709 –> 00:05:36,010 one G plus one G.

    202 00:05:37,200 –> 00:05:38,750 Now you could say this

    203 00:05:38,760 –> 00:05:40,250 inequality only

    204 00:05:40,260 –> 00:05:42,179 holds mu almost

    205 00:05:42,190 –> 00:05:42,899 everywhere.

    206 00:05:43,640 –> 00:05:45,049 However, it does not matter

    207 00:05:45,059 –> 00:05:46,779 at all because the integral

    208 00:05:46,790 –> 00:05:48,600 does not see changes that

    209 00:05:48,609 –> 00:05:50,059 happen almost

    210 00:05:50,359 –> 00:05:51,540 nowhere,

    211 00:05:52,209 –> 00:05:53,820 which is the complement of

    212 00:05:53,829 –> 00:05:54,940 almost everywhere.

    213 00:05:55,660 –> 00:05:57,040 Therefore, we could change

    214 00:05:57,049 –> 00:05:58,510 or choose another function

    215 00:05:58,519 –> 00:05:59,820 G where this

    216 00:05:59,829 –> 00:06:01,579 inequality here does

    217 00:06:01,589 –> 00:06:03,269 indeed hold everywhere.

    218 00:06:04,359 –> 00:06:05,660 Hence, we can assume that

    219 00:06:05,670 –> 00:06:06,739 we do this here.

    220 00:06:06,920 –> 00:06:08,720 And therefore, I can omit

    221 00:06:08,730 –> 00:06:10,100 the mu almost everywhere

    222 00:06:10,170 –> 00:06:11,369 and it makes the proof just

    223 00:06:11,380 –> 00:06:11,899 shorter.

    224 00:06:13,029 –> 00:06:13,500 OK.

    225 00:06:13,510 –> 00:06:15,220 Now I can bring this on the

    226 00:06:15,230 –> 00:06:16,769 other side and I get

    227 00:06:16,779 –> 00:06:18,429 out a non negative

    228 00:06:18,440 –> 00:06:19,929 function I want to call

    229 00:06:20,019 –> 00:06:21,049 h_n.

    230 00:06:21,089 –> 00:06:23,049 So this would be two G

    231 00:06:23,760 –> 00:06:25,359 minus our absolute

    232 00:06:25,369 –> 00:06:27,149 value FN minus

    233 00:06:27,230 –> 00:06:28,000 F.

    234 00:06:28,010 –> 00:06:29,489 And we know it’s non-

    235 00:06:29,510 –> 00:06:30,269 negative.

    236 00:06:31,670 –> 00:06:33,309 Obviously, this holds for

    237 00:06:33,320 –> 00:06:35,209 all N and we know

    238 00:06:35,220 –> 00:06:37,130 by the properties of

    239 00:06:37,140 –> 00:06:39,019 measurable functions that

    240 00:06:39,059 –> 00:06:40,809 h_n is

    241 00:06:40,820 –> 00:06:42,320 also measurable.

    242 00:06:43,720 –> 00:06:44,779 Now, I have written that

    243 00:06:44,790 –> 00:06:46,739 down in such a way that you

    244 00:06:46,750 –> 00:06:47,890 should recognize

    245 00:06:47,899 –> 00:06:49,410 immediately Fatou’s

    246 00:06:49,420 –> 00:06:51,089 Lemma simply

    247 00:06:51,100 –> 00:06:52,420 because we have

    248 00:06:52,429 –> 00:06:54,160 measurable functions

    249 00:06:54,709 –> 00:06:56,250 and they are all non-

    250 00:06:56,320 –> 00:06:57,079 negative.

    251 00:06:58,299 –> 00:06:59,920 Therefore, now we can

    252 00:06:59,929 –> 00:07:01,630 apply Fatou’s Lemma.

    253 00:07:03,250 –> 00:07:05,200 Fatou’s Lemma tells us something

    254 00:07:05,209 –> 00:07:06,799 about the limit

    255 00:07:06,809 –> 00:07:07,779 inferior.

    256 00:07:07,899 –> 00:07:08,910 So liminf.

    257 00:07:11,440 –> 00:07:12,910 namely, it tells us that

    258 00:07:12,920 –> 00:07:14,519 we can look at the integral

    259 00:07:14,529 –> 00:07:16,269 of the liminf and we can

    260 00:07:16,279 –> 00:07:18,209 pull it out with an

    261 00:07:18,220 –> 00:07:19,589 inequality sign.

    262 00:07:20,369 –> 00:07:22,220 In fact, it’s possible that

    263 00:07:22,230 –> 00:07:24,179 it gets bigger if we

    264 00:07:24,190 –> 00:07:25,500 pull the liminf

    265 00:07:25,510 –> 00:07:26,420 outside.

    266 00:07:27,890 –> 00:07:29,510 However, the inequality

    267 00:07:29,519 –> 00:07:30,820 always holds and that is

    268 00:07:30,829 –> 00:07:32,029 what we can need here.

    269 00:07:33,720 –> 00:07:35,149 Of course, you should ask

    270 00:07:35,160 –> 00:07:36,660 yourself, do we

    271 00:07:36,670 –> 00:07:38,630 know the liminf here?

    272 00:07:38,640 –> 00:07:39,329 And here,

    273 00:07:40,269 –> 00:07:42,079 maybe we should look first

    274 00:07:42,089 –> 00:07:43,380 on the left hand side

    275 00:07:44,549 –> 00:07:46,179 inside the integral, it

    276 00:07:46,190 –> 00:07:47,869 always means the point

    277 00:07:47,880 –> 00:07:48,769 wise limit.

    278 00:07:49,309 –> 00:07:51,119 Now it’s the pointwise Liminf

    279 00:07:51,200 –> 00:07:51,450 .

    280 00:07:51,890 –> 00:07:53,519 But we know that the point

    281 00:07:53,529 –> 00:07:54,869 wise limit of

    282 00:07:54,880 –> 00:07:56,329 HN indeed

    283 00:07:56,339 –> 00:07:57,130 exists

    284 00:07:58,320 –> 00:07:59,619 and therefore, it should

    285 00:07:59,630 –> 00:08:01,130 be the same as the limits.

    286 00:08:02,470 –> 00:08:02,839 OK.

    287 00:08:02,850 –> 00:08:04,290 So let’s write it down.

    288 00:08:04,700 –> 00:08:06,519 We know this is the integral

    289 00:08:06,529 –> 00:08:08,250 of our point wise limit of

    290 00:08:08,260 –> 00:08:10,200 HN two G

    291 00:08:10,209 –> 00:08:11,029 is two G.

    292 00:08:11,160 –> 00:08:12,899 But we know F is the point

    293 00:08:13,049 –> 00:08:14,679 limit of FN and

    294 00:08:14,690 –> 00:08:16,600 therefore this one is

    295 00:08:16,609 –> 00:08:17,140 zero.

    296 00:08:17,149 –> 00:08:18,679 So only two G

    297 00:08:18,690 –> 00:08:19,600 remains here.

    298 00:08:21,279 –> 00:08:21,619 OK.

    299 00:08:21,630 –> 00:08:22,890 Then let’s look at the right

    300 00:08:22,899 –> 00:08:24,179 hand side there.

    301 00:08:24,190 –> 00:08:25,980 We have the integral of HN.

    302 00:08:27,190 –> 00:08:28,630 However, the integral is

    303 00:08:28,640 –> 00:08:29,279 linear.

    304 00:08:29,309 –> 00:08:30,799 So we have indeed two

    305 00:08:30,809 –> 00:08:32,609 integrals, one of two G

    306 00:08:32,619 –> 00:08:33,979 and the other one of our

    307 00:08:33,989 –> 00:08:35,390 F and minus F in the absolute

    308 00:08:35,460 –> 00:08:35,890 value.

    309 00:08:36,849 –> 00:08:38,400 For the first part, the liminf

    310 00:08:38,409 –> 00:08:39,630 does not matter.

    311 00:08:39,640 –> 00:08:40,840 So we can write down

    312 00:08:40,849 –> 00:08:42,820 immediately we have

    313 00:08:42,830 –> 00:08:44,159 two G here.

    314 00:08:45,580 –> 00:08:47,210 Then for the second part,

    315 00:08:47,349 –> 00:08:49,039 you have to be careful, we

    316 00:08:49,049 –> 00:08:50,640 subtract something positive.

    317 00:08:50,809 –> 00:08:51,840 And we look at the liminf

    318 00:08:52,390 –> 00:08:54,080 which means to get

    319 00:08:54,090 –> 00:08:56,000 out the liminf we have to

    320 00:08:56,010 –> 00:08:57,909 subtract the limsup, the

    321 00:08:57,919 –> 00:08:59,000 limit superior

    322 00:09:00,010 –> 00:09:01,200 or maybe in other words,

    323 00:09:01,500 –> 00:09:02,909 if you want to find the

    324 00:09:02,919 –> 00:09:04,739 smallest outcome here

    325 00:09:04,979 –> 00:09:06,539 as a non negative

    326 00:09:06,549 –> 00:09:07,950 number, yeah, you have to

    327 00:09:07,960 –> 00:09:08,989 subtract here.

    328 00:09:09,159 –> 00:09:11,150 The biggest possible number.

    329 00:09:12,200 –> 00:09:12,599 OK.

    330 00:09:12,609 –> 00:09:13,919 So this explains why we have

    331 00:09:13,929 –> 00:09:15,739 to limsup here, but we

    332 00:09:15,750 –> 00:09:16,890 don’t change the integral

    333 00:09:16,900 –> 00:09:17,289 at all.

    334 00:09:17,299 –> 00:09:18,909 So this is FN

    335 00:09:18,940 –> 00:09:20,729 minus F dmu

    336 00:09:22,380 –> 00:09:22,719 OK?

    337 00:09:22,729 –> 00:09:23,640 We have the left hand side

    338 00:09:23,650 –> 00:09:24,880 here and the right hand side

    339 00:09:24,890 –> 00:09:26,599 here, we have a very nice

    340 00:09:26,609 –> 00:09:27,919 inequality

    341 00:09:29,210 –> 00:09:31,159 if I then add what I

    342 00:09:31,169 –> 00:09:32,349 missed before here.

    343 00:09:32,359 –> 00:09:33,979 So the d mu and our

    344 00:09:33,989 –> 00:09:35,969 X then you will recognize

    345 00:09:35,979 –> 00:09:37,400 immediately that we have the

    346 00:09:37,409 –> 00:09:38,549 same on the left and the

    347 00:09:38,559 –> 00:09:39,270 right here.

    348 00:09:42,919 –> 00:09:44,690 Of course, now you

    349 00:09:44,700 –> 00:09:46,619 should subtract the same

    350 00:09:46,630 –> 00:09:48,219 thing on both sides.

    351 00:09:49,549 –> 00:09:51,530 If we do this, we find

    352 00:09:51,539 –> 00:09:52,809 zero on the left

    353 00:09:52,820 –> 00:09:53,640 obviously

    354 00:09:54,460 –> 00:09:56,320 and only this part here

    355 00:09:56,330 –> 00:09:57,469 on the right hand side.

    356 00:09:57,479 –> 00:09:59,250 So minus our

    357 00:09:59,260 –> 00:09:59,869 limsup

    358 00:10:01,460 –> 00:10:01,849 OK.

    359 00:10:01,859 –> 00:10:03,429 So the minus sign is not

    360 00:10:03,440 –> 00:10:04,349 so beautiful.

    361 00:10:04,359 –> 00:10:05,440 Therefore, I want to bring

    362 00:10:05,450 –> 00:10:06,789 this on the other side,

    363 00:10:07,260 –> 00:10:09,130 which means we now

    364 00:10:09,140 –> 00:10:11,070 have the inequality here

    365 00:10:11,159 –> 00:10:12,770 on the right, which means

    366 00:10:12,780 –> 00:10:14,200 this would be without the

    367 00:10:14,210 –> 00:10:16,080 minus sign less or

    368 00:10:16,090 –> 00:10:17,169 equal than zero.

    369 00:10:18,719 –> 00:10:19,150 OK.

    370 00:10:19,159 –> 00:10:21,140 So now please note this is

    371 00:10:21,150 –> 00:10:22,409 very interesting.

    372 00:10:22,750 –> 00:10:24,390 The limsup of non-

    373 00:10:24,419 –> 00:10:25,940 negative numbers

    374 00:10:25,979 –> 00:10:27,250 should be non-

    375 00:10:27,260 –> 00:10:28,109 positives.

    376 00:10:29,219 –> 00:10:30,840 Hence, from this, we

    377 00:10:30,849 –> 00:10:32,739 can conclude that the

    378 00:10:32,750 –> 00:10:34,080 limit exists.

    379 00:10:35,239 –> 00:10:36,599 We do this in the following

    380 00:10:36,609 –> 00:10:38,520 way, we say OK, I

    381 00:10:38,530 –> 00:10:38,880 have to limsup

    382 00:10:38,929 –> 00:10:40,580 here, so this is always

    383 00:10:40,590 –> 00:10:42,520 greater or equal than

    384 00:10:42,530 –> 00:10:43,260 the liminf

    385 00:10:44,140 –> 00:10:46,099 Of course, this holds for

    386 00:10:46,109 –> 00:10:47,659 all sequence of

    387 00:10:47,669 –> 00:10:48,460 numbers.

    388 00:10:49,140 –> 00:10:51,059 The liminf is always less

    389 00:10:51,070 –> 00:10:52,719 or equal than the limsup.

    390 00:10:53,760 –> 00:10:55,530 But still we have non-

    391 00:10:55,539 –> 00:10:57,039 negative numbers here.

    392 00:10:57,049 –> 00:10:58,760 Therefore, the liminf should

    393 00:10:58,770 –> 00:11:00,739 be also nonnegative.

    394 00:11:00,909 –> 00:11:02,770 So we have this inequality

    395 00:11:02,780 –> 00:11:03,179 here.

    396 00:11:03,989 –> 00:11:05,559 This one here is now always

    397 00:11:05,570 –> 00:11:06,200 nice.

    398 00:11:06,210 –> 00:11:08,169 We have inequalities but

    399 00:11:08,179 –> 00:11:09,869 on the left is the

    400 00:11:09,880 –> 00:11:11,690 same as on the right.

    401 00:11:12,609 –> 00:11:14,309 This simply means that

    402 00:11:14,320 –> 00:11:16,119 all the inequalities here

    403 00:11:16,130 –> 00:11:17,219 are in fact

    404 00:11:17,229 –> 00:11:18,140 equalities.

    405 00:11:19,010 –> 00:11:20,169 There is simply no other

    406 00:11:20,179 –> 00:11:21,799 way, which means the liminf

    407 00:11:22,119 –> 00:11:23,710 is equal to the limsup,

    408 00:11:23,719 –> 00:11:25,250 which means the limit

    409 00:11:25,260 –> 00:11:27,229 exists and is equal to

    410 00:11:27,239 –> 00:11:29,190 the limsup and liminf which

    411 00:11:29,200 –> 00:11:29,909 is zero.

    412 00:11:31,000 –> 00:11:32,659 So let’s write it down limit

    413 00:11:32,669 –> 00:11:34,549 exists and the limit

    414 00:11:34,760 –> 00:11:36,659 of this integral

    415 00:11:38,020 –> 00:11:39,520 is equal to

    416 00:11:39,530 –> 00:11:40,200 zero.

    417 00:11:42,419 –> 00:11:44,359 Well, this is what we wanted

    418 00:11:44,369 –> 00:11:46,210 to show and I explained

    419 00:11:46,219 –> 00:11:47,880 before this is a stronger

    420 00:11:47,890 –> 00:11:49,409 result than that what we

    421 00:11:49,419 –> 00:11:51,080 have in Lebesgue’s

    422 00:11:51,090 –> 00:11:51,679 theorem.

    423 00:11:52,159 –> 00:11:54,020 But I will now show you how

    424 00:11:54,030 –> 00:11:55,869 we get to the result

    425 00:11:55,880 –> 00:11:57,820 in Lebesgue’s dominated convergence

    426 00:11:57,830 –> 00:11:58,239 theorem.

    427 00:11:58,979 –> 00:11:59,289 OK.

    428 00:11:59,299 –> 00:12:00,630 Let’s do that now.

    429 00:12:01,830 –> 00:12:03,099 So we want to

    430 00:12:03,109 –> 00:12:04,940 show that

    431 00:12:05,640 –> 00:12:07,049 the limit of the

    432 00:12:07,059 –> 00:12:07,979 functions

    433 00:12:08,929 –> 00:12:10,760 and the integral is

    434 00:12:10,770 –> 00:12:12,690 equal to the

    435 00:12:12,700 –> 00:12:14,080 integral of our

    436 00:12:14,090 –> 00:12:14,700 function.

    437 00:12:14,710 –> 00:12:15,349 F

    438 00:12:16,539 –> 00:12:17,710 therefore, we can look at

    439 00:12:17,719 –> 00:12:19,200 the difference and in the

    440 00:12:19,210 –> 00:12:21,080 absolute value and show

    441 00:12:21,210 –> 00:12:22,640 that this goes to

    442 00:12:22,650 –> 00:12:24,140 zero for N to

    443 00:12:24,150 –> 00:12:24,880 infinity.

    444 00:12:25,900 –> 00:12:26,200 OK.

    445 00:12:26,210 –> 00:12:27,369 The first part we can note

    446 00:12:27,380 –> 00:12:29,020 is this is also

    447 00:12:29,030 –> 00:12:30,719 nonnegative because it’s

    448 00:12:30,729 –> 00:12:31,719 an absolute value.

    449 00:12:32,909 –> 00:12:34,059 And then the next steps we

    450 00:12:34,070 –> 00:12:35,690 can use the properties we

    451 00:12:35,700 –> 00:12:37,450 already know from the integral,

    452 00:12:37,539 –> 00:12:38,979 for example, the

    453 00:12:38,989 –> 00:12:39,890 linearity.

    454 00:12:39,900 –> 00:12:41,130 So we know this is indeed

    455 00:12:41,140 –> 00:12:43,080 just one integral where we

    456 00:12:43,090 –> 00:12:44,530 have F and

    457 00:12:44,539 –> 00:12:46,349 minus F in

    458 00:12:46,359 –> 00:12:47,619 the integral

    459 00:12:47,900 –> 00:12:48,840 itself.

    460 00:12:48,919 –> 00:12:50,570 And the absolute value around.

    461 00:12:51,919 –> 00:12:53,690 Now, in the next part, we

    462 00:12:53,700 –> 00:12:55,109 use something that is also

    463 00:12:55,119 –> 00:12:56,270 called triangle

    464 00:12:56,280 –> 00:12:57,409 inequality.

    465 00:12:57,919 –> 00:12:59,580 But here now for

    466 00:12:59,919 –> 00:13:01,719 integrals, which means now

    467 00:13:02,020 –> 00:13:03,909 put the absolute value inside

    468 00:13:03,919 –> 00:13:05,340 and then we can get bigger

    469 00:13:05,349 –> 00:13:06,340 or stay the same.

    470 00:13:08,440 –> 00:13:10,059 Here, we now reach something

    471 00:13:10,080 –> 00:13:11,750 that we already know at

    472 00:13:11,760 –> 00:13:12,780 least in a limit.

    473 00:13:13,770 –> 00:13:14,590 So it goes to

    474 00:13:14,599 –> 00:13:16,549 for N

    475 00:13:16,659 –> 00:13:17,789 to infinity.

    476 00:13:19,520 –> 00:13:20,859 Hence the last step we need

    477 00:13:20,869 –> 00:13:22,419 here now is just a

    478 00:13:22,429 –> 00:13:24,289 small sandwich theorem.

    479 00:13:25,030 –> 00:13:26,400 Now, on the limit we have

    480 00:13:26,409 –> 00:13:27,950 the zero left and

    481 00:13:27,960 –> 00:13:28,440 right.

    482 00:13:28,570 –> 00:13:30,090 And therefore we know this

    483 00:13:30,099 –> 00:13:31,969 limit also exists

    484 00:13:32,179 –> 00:13:33,609 and is equal to zero.

    485 00:13:34,710 –> 00:13:36,359 And therefore the whole thing

    486 00:13:36,369 –> 00:13:37,840 in the absolute value has

    487 00:13:37,849 –> 00:13:39,409 a limit and is equal to

    488 00:13:39,419 –> 00:13:39,940 zero.

    489 00:13:40,250 –> 00:13:41,409 So putting that on the other

    490 00:13:41,419 –> 00:13:43,369 side, we now can conclude

    491 00:13:44,229 –> 00:13:46,059 limit of the integrals of

    492 00:13:46,070 –> 00:13:47,289 FN is

    493 00:13:47,299 –> 00:13:48,650 equal to the

    494 00:13:48,659 –> 00:13:50,559 integral of F.

    495 00:13:52,710 –> 00:13:54,330 And here you see this is

    496 00:13:54,340 –> 00:13:55,770 the convergence statement

    497 00:13:55,780 –> 00:13:57,520 that we wanted to prove in

    498 00:13:57,530 –> 00:13:58,280 the beginning.

    499 00:14:00,390 –> 00:14:02,270 And that was the proof of

    500 00:14:02,280 –> 00:14:03,630 Lebesgue’s dominated

    501 00:14:03,640 –> 00:14:04,849 convergence theorem.

    502 00:14:05,940 –> 00:14:07,460 I already told you

    503 00:14:07,539 –> 00:14:09,440 this part dominated

    504 00:14:09,450 –> 00:14:11,340 is the important ingredient

    505 00:14:11,349 –> 00:14:13,239 for the theorem because

    506 00:14:13,250 –> 00:14:15,159 we need such an

    507 00:14:15,359 –> 00:14:17,239 integrable majorant

    508 00:14:18,330 –> 00:14:20,030 we call this majorant just

    509 00:14:20,039 –> 00:14:21,539 G but you saw

    510 00:14:21,880 –> 00:14:23,549 we need this and

    511 00:14:23,559 –> 00:14:25,510 then we can apply

    512 00:14:25,700 –> 00:14:27,630 Lebesgue’s dominated convergence

    513 00:14:27,640 –> 00:14:28,099 theorem.

    514 00:14:29,479 –> 00:14:31,109 If you want to see some

    515 00:14:31,119 –> 00:14:32,739 applications of

    516 00:14:32,750 –> 00:14:34,619 this theorem, please let

    517 00:14:34,630 –> 00:14:36,590 me know because this

    518 00:14:36,599 –> 00:14:37,950 could be a very good idea

    519 00:14:38,020 –> 00:14:39,450 for the next part in the

    520 00:14:39,460 –> 00:14:40,150 series.

    521 00:14:40,940 –> 00:14:42,479 So thank you very much and

    522 00:14:42,489 –> 00:14:43,719 see you next time.

    523 00:14:44,080 –> 00:14:44,679 Bye.

  • Quiz Content

    Q1: Consider a measure space $(X, \mathcal{A}, \mu)$. Let $f: X \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be measurable and $g \in \mathcal{L}^1(\mu)$ with $|f| \leq g$. What is the correct conclusion?

    A1: $\int |f| , d\mu < \infty$

    A2: $f \notin \mathcal{L}^1(\mu)$

    A3: $\int |f| , d\mu > \int g , d\mu = \infty$

    Q2: Consider a sequence of positive real numbers $(a_n)$. Which claim is always correct?

    A1: $\limsup\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} (-a_n) = - \liminf\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} a_n$

    A2: $\liminf\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} a_n$ is zero.

    A3: $\limsup\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} a_n$ is finite.

    A4: $\limsup\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} a_n = \liminf\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} a_n$

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